Ingles II

Lineamientos para Talle Nº 1 Ingles Tecnico. sem 03

Para la evaluacion del taller se deben seguir los siguientes lineamientos:

* Formación de grupos entre 3 y 4 personas para optimizar la presentación.

* Los grupos deberan escoger un tema para tratar las oraciones imperativas acorde a la carrera de ingenieria explicado previamente en clases.

* La exposición debe estar presente en una lamina de papel bond y debe ir impreso un informe para cada uno de los integrantes del quipo y uno aparte para el profesor.

* Deberan defender la presentación 2 integrantes del quipo haciendo una breve introducción del equipo y de los integrantes en ingles.

05/10/09 · 2 comentarios · Autor: inglescomunicacional ·

Ejercicios

República Bolivariana de Venezuela
Ministerio del Poder Popular Para la Defensa
Universidad Nacional Experimental Politécnica De La Fuerza Armada
Núcleo Valencia, Extensión Isabelica
Professor: Lic. Karen M. Hoyos L.
Student’s name: ______________________________________________
Career: ____________________________, Sec. ______________

(Handout 6)
Adjectives

1. Fill in all the gaps with the correct forms of the adjectives.
Example: ____-newer-_______
Answer: new - newer – newest

Positive Comparative Superlative

deep

happy

hungry

clean

empty

sweet

cheap

angry

silly

tall

2. Read the following paragraphs and underlined the adjective form. Then, make 2 sentences using the comparative form using less and more, 2 sentences using the superlative form most and least and finally 2 sentences using equative adjectives.

Civil engineering

In modern usage, civil engineering is a broad field of engineering that deals with the planning, construction, and maintenance of fixed structures, or public works, as they are related to earth, water, or civilization and their processes.

Most civil engineering today deals with power plants, bridges, roads, railways, structures, water supply, irrigation, environmental, sewer, flood control, transportation, telecommunications and traffic.
In essence, civil engineering may be regarded as the profession that makes the world a more agreeable place in which to live. Engineering has developed from observations of the ways natural and constructed systems react and from the development of empirical equations that provide bases for design.
Civil engineering is the broadest of the engineering fields, partly because it is the oldest of all engineering fields.
In fact, engineering was once divided into only two fields, military and civil.
Civil engineering is still an umbrella term, comprised of many related specialities..

Materials science

Materials science is an interdisciplinary field involving the properties of matter and its applications to various areas of science and engineering.

It includes elements of applied physics and chemistry, as well as chemical, mechanical, civil and electrical engineering.
With significant media attention to nanoscience and nanotechnology in the recent years, materials science has been propelled to the forefront at many universities, sometimes controversially.
In materials science, rather than haphazardly looking for and discovering materials and exploiting their properties, one instead aims to understand materials fundamentally so that new materials with the desired properties can be created.
The basis of all materials science involves relating the desired properties and relative performance of a material in a certain application to the structure of the atoms and phases in that material through characterization.

http://www.sciencedaily.com/articles/m/materials_science.htm

15/06/09 · 0 comentarios · Autor: inglescomunicacional ·

Guia 5

República Bolivariana de Venezuela
Ministerio del Poder Popular Para la Defensa
Universidad Nacional Experimental Politécnica De La Fuerza Armada
Núcleo Valencia, Extensión Isabelica
Professor: Lic. Karen M. Hoyos L.
Student’s name: ______________________________________________
Career: ____________________________, Sec. ______________

(Handout 5)
Adjectives

The use of Less
_________________________________________________________________________
Adjectives which form the comparative with the adverb more may also be used in a similar
_________________________________________________________________________
way with the adverb less. Less and more have opposite meanings.
_________________________________________________________________________
The construction Less ... Than
_________________________________________________________________________
The following examples illustrate the use of adjectives preceded by less and followed by than.
_________________________________________________________________________

e.g. Arnold is less confident than Charles is.
The red bicycle is less expensive than the blue one.

The first example indicates that Arnold possesses a smaller degree of confidence than Charles does.
_________________________________________________________________________

The second example indicates that the red bicycle has a lower cost than the blue one.

_________________________________________________________________________

The following examples illustrate the use of adjectives preceded by less, and followed by a noun, followed by than.
_________________________________________________________________________

e.g. He is a less well-known performer than his brother is.
They found themselves in a less fortunate situation than they had expected.

In these examples, the adjectives well-known and fortunate are followed by the nouns performer and situation.
_________________________________________________________________________

Exercises
Rewrite each of the following sentences as comparisons, using the form of the adjective with less and the word than. For each sentence, use the words given in brackets as the second part of the comparison. For example:

The plot of the movie was predictable. (we expected)
The plot of the movie was less predictable than we expected.

The second explanation was confusing. (the first)
The second explanation was less confusing than the first.

1. The issue is important. (I thought)

2. The train is punctual. (it used to be)
3. The spoons are valuable. (the candlesticks)

4. Nora is excited. (Karen is)

5. The bus is crowded. (the subway)

6. This movie is entertaining. (the one we saw last night)

http://www.wordpower.ws/grammar/gramex23.html#5

You can form superlative adjectives two ways as well. You can add est to the end of the adjective, or you can use most or least before it.

_________________________________________________________________________

Do not, however, do both! You violate another grammatical rule if you claim that you are the most brightest, most happiest, or least angriest member of your family.

_________________________________________________________________________

Use most or least before adjectives with three or more syllables:

_________________________________________________________________________

The most frustrating experience of Desiree's day was arriving home to discover that the onion rings were
missing from her drive-thru order.
______________________________________________________________
The least believable detail of the story was that the space aliens had offered Eli a slice of pepperoni pizza before his release.
_______________________________________________________________

01/06/09 · 0 comentarios · Autor: inglescomunicacional ·

Guia 4

República Bolivariana de Venezuela

Ministerio del Poder Popular Para la Defensa

Universidad Nacional Experimental Politécnica De La Fuerza Armada

Núcleo Valencia, Extensión Isabelica

Professor: Lic. Karen M. Hoyos L.

Student's name: ______________________________________________

Career: ____________________________, Sec. ______________

(Handout 4)

Adjectives

Adjectives are generally descriptive words. They usually come before the nouns they describe.

__________________________________________________________________

The blue car belongs to Billy.

That is a pretty flower.

Comparative and superlatives adjectives.

The comparative adjectives and superlative of one-syllable adjectives are formed by adding -er and -est to the adjective.

___________________________________________________________________

Short shorter shortest

Poor poorer poorest

Mary is taller than Max.
Mary is the tallest of all the students.
Max is older than John.
Max is the oldest Of the three students.
My hair is longer than your hair.
Max's story is the longest story I've ever heard.

The comparative and superlative of adjectives with three or more syllables are formed by putting more or most before the adjective.

_________________________________________________________________________

More significant most significant

More intelligent most intelligent

This morning is more peaceful than yesterday morning.
Max's house in the mountains is the most peaceful in the world.
Max is more careful than Mike.
Jack is the most careful Of all the taxi drivers.
Jill is more thoughtful than your sister.
Mary is the most thoughtful person I've ever met.

Two syllable adjectives are formed following one of the two previous rules.

_________________________________________________________________________

Adjectives ending with -y are formed into comparatives and superlatives by changing the y to and -I and adding -er or -est.

_________________________________________________________________________

Happy happier happiest

John is happier today than he was yesterday.
John is the happiest boy in the world.
Max is angrier than Mary.
Max is the angriest Of all of John's victims.
Mary is busier than Max.
Mary is the busiest person I've ever met.

Two syllable adjectives can follow two rules when ending in -er, -le, and -ow frequently take -er and -est. These adjectives can be used with -er and -est and with more and most.

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Two-Syllable Adjective	Comparative Form	Superlative Form
clever	cleverer	cleverest
clever	more clever	most clever
gentle	gentler	gentlest
gentle	more gentle	most gentle
friendly	friendlier	friendliest
friendly	more friendly	most friendly
quiet	quieter	quietest
quiet	more quiet	most quiet
simple	simpler	simplest
simple	more simple	most simple

The roads in this town are narrower than the roads in the city.
This road is the narrowest of all the roads in California.
Big dogs are gentler than small dogs.
English Mastiffs are the gentlest Of all the dogs in the world.
Big dogs are gentler than small dogs.
English Mastiffs are the gentlest Of all the dogs in the world.
Big dogs are more gentle than small dogs.
English Mastiffs are the most gentle Of all the dogs in the world.

Two syllable adjectives Adjectives ending in -ful or -re usually take more and most.

_______________________________________________________________________

Careful more careful most careful

This morning is more peaceful than yesterday morning.
Max's house in the mountains is the most peaceful in the world.
Max is more careful than Mike.
Jack is the most careful Of all the taxi drivers.
Jill is more thoughtful than your sister.
Mary is the most thoughtful person I've ever met.

Irregular adjectives

Some adjectives do not follow the regular pattern.

_________________________________________________________________________

Bad worse worst

Good better best

Little less least

Far farther farthest

Italian food is better than American food.
My dog is the best dog in the world.
My mother's cooking is worse than your mother's cooking.
Max is the worst Of all the students in the class.

If the one-syllable adjective ends with a single consonant with a vowel before it, double the consonant and add -er for the comparative form; and double the consonant and add -est for the superlative form.

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Big Bigger Biggest

Thin Thinner Thinnest

Fat Fatter Fattest

My dog is bigger than your dog.
My dog is the biggest of all the dogs in the neighborhood.
Max is thinner than John.
Max is the thinnest Of all the students in the class.
My mother is fatter than your mother.
Mary is the fattest person I've ever seen.

Equatives

Adjectives can be used to express equality with as+ adjective + as.

_________________________________________________________________________

This flower is as pretty as that flower.

My car is as fat as yours.

http://www.eflnet.com/grammar/adjtut.php

Exercises

Choose the best answer.

1. Kareem abdul Jabaar used to be one of the ______________ basketball players in the NBA.
a. Thinner than b. The Thinnest

2. Mathematics is one of the ______ important areas of human knowledge.
a. More b. Most

3. The three _______ machines are the lever, the inclined plane, and the wheel.
a. Simplier than b. The Simpliest.

4. A skyscraper is _________ other buildings.
a. The tallest b. Taller than

5. A Ford is __________ a BMW.

a.The cheapest b. cheaper than

6. The diamond is __________ gem.

a. harder tan b. The hardest

2. Read the following sentences and underlined the superlative adjectives; then, translate them.

In essence, civil engineering is regarded as the most useful profession that makes the world a more agreeable place in which to live.

_________________________________________________________________________

Civil engineering is the broadest of the engineering fields, partly because it is the oldest of all engineering fields.

_________________________________________________________________________

A molecule is the smallest particle of a pure chemical substance that still retains its composition and chemical properties.

_________________________________________________________________________

13/05/09 · 0 comentarios · Autor: inglescomunicacional ·

Republica bolivariana venezuela ministerio del poder

República Bolivariana de Venezuela

Ministerio del Poder Popular Para la Defensa

Universidad Nacional Experimental Politécnica De La Fuerza Armada

Núcleo Valencia, Extensión Isabelica

Professor: Lic. Karen M. Hoyos L.

Student's name: ______________________________________________

Career: ____________________________, Sec. ______________

English II (Sem. 3)

Building Clauses

A clause is a collection of grammatically-related words including a predicate and a subject (though sometimes is the subject is implied).

_____________________________________________________________________

INDEPENDENT CLAUSE

An independent clause is a complete sentence. It contains the main subject and verb of a sentence. (It is also called "a main clause.")

DEPENDENT CLAUSE

A dependent clause is not a complete sentence. It must be connected to an independent clause.

ADJECTIVE CLAUSE

An adjective clause is a dependent clause that modifies a noun. It describes, identifies, or gives further information about a noun. (An adjective clause is also called "a relative clause.")

A collection of grammatically-related words without a subject or without a predicate is called a phrase.

_____________________________________________________________________

http://www.arts.uottawa.ca/writcent/hypergrammar/bldcls.html

Conjunctions

You can use a conjunction to link words, phrases, and clauses, as in the following example:

I ate the pizza and the pasta.

Call the movers when you are ready.

_____________________________________________________________________

Co-ordinating Conjunctions

You use a co-ordinating conjunction ("and," "but," "or," "nor," "for," "so," or "yet") to join individual words, phrases, and independent clauses. Note that you can also use the conjunctions "but" and "for" as prepositions.

Lilacs and violets are usually purple.

_____________________________________________________________________

Subordinating Conjunctions

A subordinating conjunction introduces a dependent clause and indicates the nature of the relationship among the independent clause(s) and the dependent clause(s).

_____________________________________________________________________

The most common subordinating conjunctions are "after," "although," "as," "because," "before," "how," "if," "once," "since," "than," "that," "though," "till," "until," "when," "where," "whether," and "while."

_____________________________________________________________________

Correlative Conjunctions

Correlative conjunctions always appear in pairs -- you use them to link equivalent sentence elements.

_____________________________________________________________________

The most common correlative conjunctions are "both...and," "either...or," "neither...nor,", "not only...but also," "so...as," and "whether...or."

_____________________________________________________________________

According to - de acuerdo a	Namely - a saber
After - después que	Neither... nor - ni... ni
Although - aunque, si bien	Nevertheless - sin embargo, no obstante
And - y	Nor - ni
As - cuando, mientras, a medida que, como	Notwithstanding - no obstante
As if - como si	Or - o
As long as - mientras, con tal que	Or else - sino
As soon as - en cuanto	Otherwhise - de otra manera, si no
As though - como si	Provided - siempre que , con tal de que
As well as - además de	Providing - siempre que , con tal de que
Because - porque	Since - puesto que, ya que, desde que
Because of - debido a	So as to - para
Before - antes que	So as not to - para no
Both...and - tanto...como	So that - para que
But - pero	Still - sin embargo, no obstante
But - sino	Than - que ( en comparaciones )
Either... or - o... o	Therefore - por lo tanto
Even though - aunque	Though - aunque
Except - excepto, salvo	Unless - a menos que
For - porque	Until - hasta que
Furthermore - además	Whenever - cada vez que, cuando
However - sin embargo	Whereas - siendo que, mientras
If - si	Whether - si
In case of - en caso de	Whether... or - si... o
In order to - para	While - mientrar, mientras que, aunque
Moreover - además, por otra parte	Yet - sin embargo, no obstante

Technically correlative conjunctions consist simply of a co-ordinating conjunction linked to an adjective or adverb.

Both my grandfather and my father worked in the steel plant.

_____________________________________________________________________

Common Conjunctions

http://www.arts.uottawa.ca/writcent/hypergrammar/bldcls.html

According to (acórding tchu) - de acuerdo a

- Everything was done according to his instructions -- Todo fue hecho de acuerdo a sus instrucciones

After (áfter) - después que

- He started to eat after he had washed his hands -- Comenzó a comer después de haberse lavado las manos
- After he had eaten, he went to bed -- Después de que había comido, se fue a la cama

Although (oldóu) - aunque, si bien - (although = though = even though)

- Although he was not tall, he was excellent at basketball -- Aunque no era alto, era excelente para el baloncesto
- Although she appears to be happy, she is actually very sad -- Anque parece estar feliz, está muy triste en realidad

And - y

- Bill buys things and sells them at a higher price -- Bill compra cosas y las vende a un precio más alto

As - cuando, mientras, a medida que, como

- As the two boys walked down the street, they found a wallet -- Mientras los dos chicos caminaban por la calle, encontraron una billetera
- As winter approaches, the temperature gets colder and colder -- A medida que se aproxima el invierno, la temperatura se pone cada vés más fría
- As she entered the restaurant, she saw us -- Cuando entró al restaurant, ella nos vió
- She acted as a crazy woman -- Ella actuaba como una loca
- He is not as intelligent as they think -- Él no es tan inteligente como ellos piensan

As if - como si - (as if = as though)

- He acts as if he were rich -- Él actúa como si fuera rico
- They treat me as if they didn't know me -- Me tratan como si no me conocieran
- Bill started to shop as if he had won the lottery -- Bill comenzó comprar como si hubiera ganado la lotería
- They looked as if they hadn't slept for days -- Se veían como si no hubieran dormido desde hace días

As long as (as lóng as) - mientras, siempre que

- You can stay here as long as you work hard -- Te puedes quedar aquí mientras trabajes duro
- I will live in this city as long as I can -- Viviré en esta ciudad mientras pueda
- Nobody will know about this secret as long as you keep mum -- Nadie sabrá de este secreto mientras mantengas la boca cerrada

As soon as (as sún as) - en cuanto, tan pronto como

-- I will do this work as soon as I can -- Haré con este trabajo tan pronto como pueda
-- She started to work as soon as she graduated from the university -- Comenzó a trabajar tan pronto como se graduó de la universidad

As though (as dóu) - como si - (as if = as though)

Ver " As if "

As well as - además de

- My sister as well as John will go to the movies tomorrow -- Mi hermana, así como John, irán al cine mañana
- She is intelligent as well as kind -- Ella es inteligente además de amable
- She works as well as she studies -- Ella trabaja además de estudiar

Because (bicós) - porque

- I don't want to go out because it is too cold -- No quiero salir porque está demasiado frío

Because of - debido a

- They stayed in because of the bad weather -- Ellos se quedaron en casa debido al mal tiempo
- She can not play sports because of her illness -- Ella no puede practicar deportes debido a su enfermedad

Before (bifór) - antes que

- Billy washed his hands before he started to eat -- Billy se lavó sus manos antes de empezar a comer
- He had trained for years before he decided to box professionally -- Él había entrenado durante años antes de decidirse a boxear profesionalmente

Both...and (bóuz...ánd) - tanto...como

- He speaks both softly and clearly -- Él habla tanto suavemente como claramente
- She plays both the piano and the harp -- Ella toca tanto el piano como el harpa

But - pero

- He spoke clearly, but I didn't understand him -- Habló claramente pero no lo entendí
- She saw me, but she didn't recognize me -- Me vió pero no me reconoció

But - sino

- She is not from Argentina but from Brazil -- Ella no es de Argentina sino de Brazil
- He didn't work but he rested all day -- No trabajó sino que descanzó todo el día

Either... or (íder...or) - o... o

- Either start to work or quit this business -- O empezás a trajar o dejás este negocio
- He must be either very brave or very crazy -- Él debe ser o muy valiente o muy loco
- You should either work or study -- Tú deberías, o trabajar, o estudiar

Even though (íven dóu) - aunque (although = though = even though)

- ver although

Except (excépt) - excepto, salvo

- They would go to Europe, except they have to go to Japan -- Irían a Europa salvo que tengan que ir a Japón

For - porque

- We'll have to stay home, for it is raining outside -- Tendremos que quedarnos en casa porque está lloviendo afuera
- He didn't greet her, for he was very angry -- Él no la saludó porque estaba muy enojado
- She turned on the lights, for she was afraid of the dark -- Encendió las luces porque tenía miedo a la oscuridad

Furthermore (féerdermór) - además - (furthermore = moreover)

- She doesn't want to study , and furthermore she doesn't want to work either -- Ella no quiere estudiar y, además, tampoco quiere trabajar
- He was a bad person, and furthermore he was very proud of that -- Él era una mala persona y, además, estaba muy orgulloso de eso

However (jaoéver) - sin embargo - (however = nevertheless = notwithstanding)

- They were not having fun, however they stayed all night -- Ellos no se estaban divirtiendo, sin embargo, se quedaron toda la noche
- He didn't study much, however he got good grades -- Él no estudiaba mucho, sin embargo, obtenía buenas notas

If - si

- If you drink too much, you'll get drunk -- Si bebes demasiado, te emborracharás
- If you spend more than you earn, you'll become a poor man -- Si gastas más de lo que ganas, te convertirás en un hombre pobre
- If he were in my place, he wouldn't do this -- Si él estuviese en mi lugar, no haría esto

In case (of) (in kéis ov) - en caso (de)

- Break the window in case of emergency -- Romper la ventana en caso de emergencia
- Call this number in case you get lost -- Llamá a este número en caso de que te pierdas

In order to - para

- They left early in order to arrive on time for the movie -- Ellos salieron temprano para llegar a tiempo para la película
- We are working harder in order to earn more money -- Estamos trabajando más duro para ganar más dinero

Moreover (moróuver) - además, por otra parte - (furthermore = moreover)

ver furthermore

Namely (néimli) - a saber

- There were two people in the house, namely Tom and Mary -- Había dos personas en la casa, a saber Tom y Mary

Neither... nor (níder..or) - ni... ni

- I want neither to work nor to study -- No quiero ni trabajar ni estudiar
- She drinks neither wine nor beer -- Ella no toma ni vino ni cerveza
- Neither Susan nor Bill wants to see that film -- Ni Susan ni Bill quieren ver esa película

Nevertheless (néverdilés) - sin embargo, no obstante - (however = nevertheless = notwithstanding)

- Ver however

Nor - ni

-- Bill didn't come today, nor will he come tomorrow -- Bill no vino hoy; ni (tampoco) vendrá mañana

Notwithstanding (nótwidstánding) - no obstante

- Ver however

Or - o

- He never works. He is always sleeping or watching TV -- Él nunca trabaja. Siempre está durmiendo o mirando TV
- With all that money, they could buy a new house or travel around the world -- Con todo ese dinero, ellos podrían comprar una nueva casa o viajar alrededor del mundo

Or else (or éls) - sino

- You should study harder, or else you will fail the test -- Deberías estudiar más duro, sino reprobarás la prueba
- They must leave now, or else they will arrive late -- Ellos deben salir ahora, sino llegarán tarde

Otherwhise (óderwáis) - de otra manera, si no

- We should finish this now, otherwise we'll have to do it tomorrow -- Deberíamos terminar esto ahora, sino tendremos que hacerlo mañana
- Fortunately they left early; otherwise they wouldn't have arrived on time -- Afortunadamente salieron temprano; de otra manera no habrían llegado a tiempo

Provided (prováided) - siempre que , con tal de que - (provided = providing)

- I will buy the product, provided I can pay for it by credit card - Compraré el producto, siempre que pueda pagarlo con la tarjeta de crédito
- They will believe you, provided you swear that it is true - Te creerán, siempre que jures que es verdad

Providing (prováiding) - siempre que , con tal de que - (provided = providing)

- They will go fishing next weekend, providing it doesn't rain -- Ellos irán a pescar el próximo fin de semana, siempre que no llueva

Since (síns) - puesto que, ya que, desde que

- He didn't understand a word, since he doesn't speak English -- No entendió ni una palabra puesto que no habla inglés
- Since it was too late, they decided to go to sleep, -- Puesto que era demasiado tarde, decidieron irse a dormir
- She shouldn't eat so much, since she is a little fat -- No debería comer tanto puesto que está un poco gorda

So as to - para

- They decided to take a plane so as to travel faster -- Decidieron tomar una avión para viajar más rápido
- She paid by cash so as to get a good discount -- Pagó en efectivo para obtener un buen descuento

So as not to - para no

- He took a short nap so as not to be too tired for the party -- El tomó una breve siesta para no estar demasiado cansado para la fiesta
- She wrote down his telephone number so as not to forget it -- Ella anotó su número de teléfono para no olvidarlo

So that - para que

- You should learn more vocabulary so that you can speak better -- Deberías aprender más vocabulario para que puedas hablar mejor
- They decided to save extra money so that they would be able to go on vacation -- Decidieron ahorrar dinero extra para poder ir de vacaciones
- He gave her a present so that she would feel better -- Él le dió un regalo para que ella se sienta major

Still - sin embargo, no obstante

- Jack didn't study much for the test; still he managed to pass it -- Jack no estudió mucho para la prueba, no obstante, se las arregló para aprobar
- He can not speak very well; still he understands everyting -- No puede hablar bien, sin embargo, entiende todo
- They felt very sad; still they forced themselves to smile all the time -- Se sentían muy tristes, no obstante, se obligaban a si mismos a sonreír todo el tiempo

Than - que ( en comparaciones )

- They started to have more problems than they expected -- Empezaron a tener más problemas que lo que esperaban
- She discovered that learning English is more difficult than she thought -- Ella descubrió que aprender inglés es más dificil que lo que pensó

Therefore (dérfór) - por lo tanto

- I didn't have enough time to study for the test and therefore I couldn't pass it -- No tuve suficiente tiempo para estudiar para la prueba y, por lo tanto, no pude aprobarla
- John left very late and therefore he didn't arrive on time -- John salió muy tarde y, por lo tanto, no llegó a tiempo

Though (dóu) - aunque - (although = though = even though)

- ver although

Unless (anlés) - a menos que

- You can not drink alcohol here, unless you are an adult -- No puedes beber alcohol aquí, a menos que seas un adulto
- They won't be able to travel to Europe, unless they have their passports -- No podrán viajar a Europa, a menos que tengan sus pasaportes
- Unless you can speak English very well, you can not study in an american university -- A menos que puedas hablar inglés muy bien, no puedes estudiar en una universidad americana

Until (antíl) - hasta que

- They listened in silence until he finished his speech -- Escucharon en silencio hasta que él terminó su discurso
- He looked for his keys until he found them -- Buscó sus llaves hasta que las encontró
- Bill can not go out to play soccer until he completes his homework -- Bill no puede salir a jugar al fútbol hasta que termine su tarea

Whenever (wenéver) - cada vez que, cuando

- He goes to the movies whenever he has the time -- Él va al cine siempre cada vez que tiene tiempo
- Whenever they have to work, they feel sick -- Cada vez que tienen que trabajar, se sienten enfermos

Whereas (uéras) - siendo que, mientras

- The weather is very nice here in summer, whereas in winter it is not so good -- El tiempo es muy lindo aquí en verano, mientras que en invierno no es tan bueno

Whether (wéder) - si

- You must tell me whether you will come -- Debes decirme si vendrás
- I don't know whether to buy this computer or not -- No sé si comprar esta computadora o no

Whether... or - si... o

- I don't know whether to take it or leave it -- No sé si llevarlo o dejarlo
- She didn't understand whether she had to go or stay -- Ella no entendió si tenía que ir o quedarse

While (wáil) - mientrar, mientras que, aunque

- Many things happened here while you were out --Muchas cosas pasaron aquí mientras tú estuviste afuera
- While they didn't know her very well, they invited her to their wedding -- Aunque no la conocían bien, la invitaron a su boda

Yet (iét) - sin embargo, no obstante

- He wanted to reply to that accusation, yet he didn't -- Él quería contestar a esa acusación, sin embargo no lo hizo

http://www.sherton.com.ar/curso-ingles/conjunciones/conjunciones.htm

Cause and Effect

Expressing a relationship between cause and effect (result)

_____________________________________________________________________

Same-time Event

_____________________________________________________________________

Because he was working so hard, he was earning a good salary.

Because he was ill, he was unable to come to work.

Because he was working so hard, she could stay home and watch the kids.

Earlier Event

_____________________________________________________________________

Because he had been working so hard , he needed a vacation.

Because he had been ill the night before (earlier time), he was unable to go to work the next day.

Cause & Effect: so-that

Emphasizing the quality or characteristic of something

_____________________________________________________________________

CAUSE	EFFECT
The meteor-storm was beautiful.	We watched it all night.
The meteor-storm was so beautiful that we watched it all night. (adjective)
The meteor-storm passed so quickly that it went by in one night. (adverb)

Contrast

_____________________________________________________________________

SO MUCH - EMPHASIS ON QUANITITY

We will learn so much interesting information that it will take years to process it. (information is a non-count noun)

We will see so many beautiful stars that it will be hard to count them. (stars is a count noun)

Adverb phrases : so ... that and so that

Showing Cause-Effect vs. Purpose

_____________________________________________________________________

SO (THAT)
EFFORT	PURPOSE
We stayed out all night.	We watched the meteor storm.
We stayed out all night so (that) we could watch a meteor storm. (often with can or could)
We stayed out all night in order to watch a meteor storm.
An effort is made with a specific purpose or future goal in mind.

SO (adj / adv) THAT
CAUSE	EFFECT
We stayed out all night.	We were cold and tired in the morning.
We stayed out so long that we were cold and tired in the morning. (long = adverb)
The meteor storm was so beautiful that we stayed out all night. (beautiful = adjective)
An action - past, present or future -has unplanned effects.

Similar Meaning

"So . . . that" places emphasis on the adjective or adverb. "So" simply states a result of an action.

_____________________________________________________________________

SO (adj / adv) THAT
CAUSE	EFFECT
We stayed out all night.	We were cold and tired in the morning.
We stayed out so long that we were cold and tired in the morning.

, SO
CAUSE	EFFECT
We stayed out all night.	We were cold and tired in the morning.
We stayed out all night, so we were cold and tired in the morning.

Punctuation of "so that" and "so"

Context and the use of a comma distinguish the meaning:

_____________________________________________________________________

PURPOSE - SO

The baby pulled the lever so (that) he could get some candy.

No comma:
The baby pulled the lever so (that) he could get some candy.
The baby pulled the lever in order to get some candy.
The baby pulled the lever to get some candy.
The baby pulled the lever for some candy.

RESULT - SO

The baby cried, so his mother gave him candy.

Comma: (or semi-colon between clauses)
The baby cried, so his mother gave him some candy.
The baby cried, therefore, his mother gave him . . .
The baby cried; consequently, his mother gave him . .
The baby cried; as a result, his mother gave him . . .

So and So!

so	It's so cold today. I'm so glad to meet you. (very)	, so	He left, so I left too. (result)
so	I want it so. (in this way)	so that	I left so that I could catch a bus. (purpose)
so	He wants it and so do I. (in the same way)	so . . . that	It was so hot that the candles melted. (result)
*so-so*	I'm feeling so-so today. (mediocre)	so to speak	He was pulling my leg, so to speak. (figuratively speaking)
so	I was so right there! (truly, indeed)	so much/many	We bought so much. (quantity)
so	Ten or so are here. (approximately)	so as	We laughed so as to make light of the situation. (for the purpose of)
*So!*	So! You took the last piece. (exclamation of shock or discovery)	so what?	So what? (Who cares? or What's the point?)

Exercises

1. Complete the following sentences using so, so that and because

•1. Scientists want to study such phenomena __________________ they can understand bio-origins.

•2. Other people prefer to use PCs__________________ they are more universally used.

•3. Scientists are studying the phenomena _________________they are learning a lot more about bio-origins.

•4. A rainstorm was approaching___________________the sky was overcast. (cloudy)

•5. ____________________cell phones have come down so much in price, everyone seems to have a one.

•6. Some people went up in airplanes and flew above the clouds____________________they could see the meteor showers.

•7. Some people were in airplanes above the clouds ________________________ they could see the meteor showers.

•8. it to start again_______________________ the battery was dead.

•9. Because of the danger of bullet-particles, satellites are being repositioned ____________________they will be less likely to be damaged. bullet = high speed bits; less likely = lower chance

•10. Scientists, over the past century, have noticed that this Leonid storm occurs every 33 years ______________________they predicted it would return this year.

•11. Scientists, over the past century, carefully noted the occurences of meteor storms ____________________ they could predict exactly when the Leonid would return this year.

•12. _____________________________my computer froze, I had to restart it.

http://www.grammar-quizzes.com/8-7.html

16/04/09 · 0 comentarios · Autor: inglescomunicacional ·

Http s3 amazonaws com lcp inglescomunicacional myfiles sem 1

http://s3.amazonaws.com/lcp/inglescomunicacional/myfiles/Sem-1.doc

República Bolivariana de Venezuela

Ministerio del Poder Popular Para la Defensa

Universidad Nacional Experimental Politécnica De La Fuerza Armada

Núcleo Valencia, Extensión Isabelica

Professor: Lic. Karen M. Hoyos L.

Student's name: ______________________________________________

Career: ____________________________, Sec. ______________

English II (Sem. 1)

Word Formation

The basic part of any word is the root; to it, you can add a prefix at the beginning and/or a suffix at the end to change the meaning.

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________ For example, in the word "unflattering," the root is simply "flatter," while the prefix "un-" makes the word negative, and the suffix "-ing" changes it from a verb into an adjective (specifically, a participle).

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________Many English words come from Latin, which uses prefixes and suffixes (you can use the word affix to refer either to a prefix or a suffix).

______________________________________________________________________

http://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/wordform.html

Prefixes

We use prefixes to change meaning. They never change the part of speech. (Most suffixes change the part of speech.)

______________________________________________________________________

Many prefixes give a word a meaning which is the opposite or negative of the original. For example, we can use the prefixes dis or un:

dis + appear - disappear

un + tie - untie

______________________________________________________________________

prefix	meaning / use	example
anti + adjective/noun	Opposite	anti- clockwise/ anti-climax
anti + noun / adjective	Against	anti-theft device / anti-European
co + noun / verb	Together	cohabit
dis + verb	negative/opposite	dislike / disembark
fore	Befote/ in advance	Foreskin / foreshadowing
il + adjective	Opposite	illegal
im + adjective	Opposite	impossible
in+adjective	Opposite	indirect
inter + adjective	Between	intercontinental
ir + adjective	Opposite	irregular
mis + verb	wrongly/ badly	mistook / mishandle
over + verb	too much	overwork
out + verb	More	outnumber
post + noun / verb	Alter	postgraduate
pre + noun / verb	Befote	pre- arrangement
pro + noun / adjective	in favour of	pro-Unions / pro-European
sub + adjective	Below	substandard
super + noun/ adjective	greater than	superhuman
trans + noun / verb /	Across	transplant /transcontinental
un + verb / adjective	negative / opposite	unlock / unhappy
under + verb	not enough/too little	undercook / undercharge

There are a few rules:

______________________________________________________________________

We use il instead of in with words that begin with l:

il + legal = illegal

______________________________________________________________________

We use im instead of in with words that begin with m or p:

im + polite - impolite

______________________________________________________________________

We often use ir instead of in with words that begin with r:

ir + responsible = irresponsible.

______________________________________________________________________

Some common mistakes are:

X You must unconnect the cables first.

You must disconnect the cables first.

X They expelled him for disbehaving.

/ They expelled him for misbehaving.

______________________________________________________________________

Note that many words with a prefix have a base part that never exists on its own. Here are examples: immediate, incontrovertible, uncalled-for

______________________________________________________________________

Exercises

Add and correct prefix to the following words.

Word	Meaning
1. dependent.
2. polite.
3. do.
4. driver.
5. approve.
6. behave.
7. logical.
8. zip.
9. inform.
10. agree.
11. eat.
12. historic.

http://www.anglaisfacile.com/exercices/exercice-anglais-2/exercice-anglais-5593.php

For more information visit:

http://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/prefixtext.htm

http://www.fekids.com/kln/games/racetoramses/racetoramses.html

http://www.e-tme.com/complete%20list%20of%20prefixes%20and%20suffixes.htm

http://www.englishclub.com/vocabulary/prefixes.htm

31/03/09 · 0 comentarios · Autor: inglescomunicacional ·

Sufijos

http://s3.amazonaws.com/lcp/inglescomunicacional/myfiles/Sem-2.doc

República Bolivariana de Venezuela

Ministerio del Poder Popular Para la Defensa

Universidad Nacional Experimental Politécnica De La Fuerza Armada

Núcleo Valencia, Extensión Isabelica

Professor: Lic. Karen M. Hoyos L.

Student's name: ______________________________________________

Career: ____________________________, Sec. ______________

English II (Sem. 2)

Suffixes.

______________________________________________________________________

Suffixes are groups of letters attached to the ends of roots, words, and word groups.

_____________________________________________________________________

Suffixes serve a grammatical function. A suffix can indicate what part of speech (noun, verb, adjective, adverb) to which the word belongs.

______________________________________________________________________

http://www.southampton.liunet.edu/academic/pau/course/websuf.htm

Common Suffixes

-ness
- Noun: state, condition, quality
  - kindness : the quality of being kind or nice
    - kind + ness

______________________________________________________________________

-ful
- Noun: an amount or quanity that fills
  - mouthful : an amount that fills the mouth
    - mouth + ful

______________________________________________________________________

-able, -ible
- Adjective: worth, ability
  - solvable : able to be solved or explained
    - solv + able
  - incredible: not able to be believed, amazing
    - in + cred + ible

______________________________________________________________________

-less
- Adjective: without, missing
  - motiveless : a reason for someone to do something
    - mot + ive + less

______________________________________________________________________

http://www.southampton.liunet.edu/academic/pau/course/webesl.htm

Common Suffixes

Suffix	General Meaning	Example
-agogy	leading	pedagogy , demagogy
-archy	rule, leadership	gynarchy , anarchy
-cele, -coele, -coel	body cavity	mucocoel or mucocoele
-cele	tumor, hernia	hydatidocele
-centesis	puncturing	amniocentesis , rachicentesis
-chondrion	small grainlike structure	mitochondrion
-cide	murder, killing agent	suicide , vespacide, regicide
-cracy	rule, government	kakistocracy , democracy , androcracy
-cycle	circle, cycle, unit of radio frequency	epicycle , hydrocycle
-ectasia, -ectasis	stretching out	brochiectasis , telangiectasia
-ectomy	surgical removal	laryngectomy , vasectomy
-emesis	vomiting	hematemesis , hyperemesis
-emia	blood condition	leukemia , anaemia
-enchyma	cellular tissue	mesenchyma , karyenchyma
-ess	female	actress , waitress , stewardess
-esthesis, -esthesia	sensation, feeling	synesthesia, kinesthesis
-fugal	fuge, driving or travelling away from, expelling	centrifugal
-ful	full of, having some or much	hopeful , useful
-hedron	geometric solid	icosahedron , tetrahedron
-holic	love , addiction	alcoholic
-ic
-id	skin rash	syphilid
-ism	doctrine, act, practice, condition	Protestantism , alcoholism , Buddhism , southernism
-ist	person	dentist
-itis	disease, inflammation	hepatitis , gingivitis
-itude		attitude , certitude
-ium	metallic element (exception: helium)	sodium , Calcium
-kinesis	movement (ability thereof)	telekinesis
-less	lack of	homeless , useless
-ly	-like, having the attributes of; In modern English, primarily changes adjectives to adverbs; also changes some nouns to adjectives and some (past-tense) verbs to adverbs	quick(adj) > quickly(adv), state(n) > stately(adj), abashed(v) > abashedly(adv)
-mania	an irrational but irresistible motive for a belief or action	kleptomania , megalomania , mythomania
-ography or -ogram	writing, description	stenography , geography , ideogram
-oid	resembling	solenoid , hominoid
-ology	study, science	planetology , thyroidology , phthisiology
-omics	area of biology	proteomics
-onomy	knowledge of	astronomy
-onym	name, word	antonym , consonym , heteronym
-osis	process, action	mitosis , osmosis
-osis	formation	ostosis
-osis	diseased condition	psychosis
-phagy, -phagia	eating	monophagy
-philia	attraction	hemophilia
-phobia	fear	acrophobia , mysophobia
-phone	sound, audio	telephone , homophone
-science	knowing	omniscience
-scope	from Greek skopos , view; instrument for viewing and observing spaces	microscope , telescope
-ship	circle, state of being	friendship , relationship
-stan	land, country	Afghanistan
-tropism	to turn	phototropism
-us	inflammation	ulcus (ulcer)
-ward	direction	southward
-wise	direction	clockwise

Exceptions

In most cases the spelling of the word doesn't change, but in many cases it does.

______________________________________________________________________

Here are some examples where the spelling of the word doesn't change.

sly + ly = slyly

awkward + ness = awkwardness

work + able = workable

______________________________________________________________________

Sometimes the spelling of words does change. The following ways to add suffixes are examples that show how the spelling of words change when a suffix is added.

______________________________________________________________________

When you had the word full to the end of a word, you must drop the second l.

Awe + full = awful Here, you also drop the e in awe.

______________________________________________________________________

When you add y or a suffix that begins with a vowel to words ending in a silent e. You drop the e and add the suffix.

Abuse + ive = Abusive

______________________________________________________________________

When you have words that end in ge or ce, you do not drop the final e.

For example: change + able = changeable

knowledge + able = knowledgeable

______________________________________________________________________

When you add a suffix that does not end in vowels or y, you do not drop the final e.

For example: arrange + ment = arrangement.

______________________________________________________________________

When you add a suffix that begins with a consonant you keep the final e. Here are some examples:

care + less = careless

forgive + ness = forgiveness

______________________________________________________________________

Here is a list of words that are exceptions to dropping the e when a suffix begins with a consonant:

awe + full = awful

incredible + ly = incredibly

twelve + th = twelfth

whole + ly = wholly

______________________________________________________________________

The final e is dropped when you add the suffix ment to a word. Two examples are

judge + ment = judgment

acknowledge + ment = acknowledgment.

______________________________________________________________________

However, there are some exceptions. For example:

encourage + ment = encouragement

achieve + ment = achievement

enhance + ment = enhancement.

______________________________________________________________________

http://www.suite101.com/lesson.cfm/17267/1158/3

Exercises

-ful and -less Suffix Exercise at Auto-English

1. Use the base words in the chart below to make adjectives with the suffixes -ful and -less.

WARNING

Not all adjectives ending in -ful have a positive meaning

Base word	Translation	Meaning
beauty	.................................
brain	.................................
care	.................................
charm	.................................
end	.................................
event	.................................
faith	.................................
harm	.................................
help	.................................
home	.................................

2. Match the suffixes on the left to the explanation or function on the right

_____	-able (unable)	1) adverb making
_____	-er , -or ( teacher, doctor)	2) verb making
_____	-ful (useful)	3) can or able to do something
_____	-ment, - ness, - ion (movement, togetherness, information)	4) see or range
_____	-ively (actively)	5) noun or name of something
_____	-ive (active)	6) job, doer
_____	-ate (communicate)	7) sound or audio
_____	-phone (telephone)	8) adjective or description word building
_____	-scope (telescope)	9) full of

http://www.esl-galaxy.com/prefix/Common%20suffixes.pdf

For more information visit:

http://www.esl-galaxy.com/prefix/prefixmultiplechoicesentences.pdf

http://www.esl-galaxy.com/prefix/prefixmultiplechoice.pdf

http://www.saintambrosebarlow.wigan.sch.uk/Y4Spelling/suffixes2y4.htm

http://www.manythings.org/wbg/prefixes-jw.html

31/03/09 · 0 comentarios · Autor: inglescomunicacional ·

Ejercicios

Ejercicios para el examen.

1. Lee el siguiente texto y subraya con una línea los gerundios y con dos la forma infinitivo.

AUTHOR WRITES OF HER BULIMIA "HELL"

When it comes to potentially lethal eating disorders, adolescent girls are the highest

risk category. Many simply don't survive.

And while 28-year-old-Basque writer Espido Freire lived to tell the story - literally - of

her seven-year-fight with the binge-and-purge eating disorder bulimia, the experience has left

her scarred for life.

In her new book Cuando comer es un infierno, released yesterday, Freire painfully

retraces those seven long years because, as she says, "if a writer isn't able to lend a voice to

those who aren't capable of expressing themselves, then part of their vocation has been lost."

According to Freire, Cuando comer es un inferno "offers a realistic and personal view of

bulimia - the seven years of suffering and the strength it took to get over them." Arriving at

Barajas Airport earlier this week from Scotland, where she has spent the last two months as a

visiting writer to various universities, Freire headed straight for her home in Madrid but

couldn't avoid noticing the billboards filled with skinny models advertising next season's

fashion on the road home.

They immediately reminded her of her book and the exhaustion she felt after writing

about the darkest period of her life.

Freire has a strong desire to tell her story - but still, she warns, she doesn't want to

become a poster girl for bulimia. She doesn't just have that story to tell, she stresses. As a

writer, she was the youngest-ever winner of the Planeta Award with her second novel

Melocotones helados in 1998.

Her first two books were works of fiction but now, in Cuando comer es un infierno, she

has gone down the autobiographical road to recount, with some bitterness, her difficult

adolescence - cataloguing her terrible daily battles with the weighing scales.

(EL PAIS English edition with the International Herald Tribune, March 7, 2002)

2. Completa los siguientes verbos con un gerundio.

When Beth got tired, she stopped working / studying.
Would you mind _______________________ the door? Thanks.
The weather will get better soon. We can leave as soon as it quits __________________.
The police officer told him to stop, but the thief kept ________________.
I enjoy ________________ as long walk every morning.
He told a very funny joke. We couldn't stop _______________________.
I wanted to go to Mexico. Saly suggested __________________ to Hawaii.

3. Completa las siguientes oraciones con gerundio o infinitivo.

We're going out for dinner. Would you like __________ us?

We're going out for dinner. Would you like to join us?

Jack avoided ______________ me.

Jack avoided looking at me.

Fred didn't have any money, so he decided ____________________ a job.
The teacher reminded the students ____________________ their assignments.
Do you enjoy ___________________ soccer?
I was broke, so jenny offered _________________ me a little money.
Mrs. Allen promised ________________ tomorrow.
Would you mind ________________ the door for me?
Paulo intends ________________ his friend a letter.

4. Reporta las siguientes oraciones.

1. Peter: "It's raining"

Peter said that

2. Mary: He said to her, "I love you."

Mary said that

3. Carlos: "I saw María in the supermarket yesterday"

Carlos told me that

4. Louis: "We have lived here for three years"

Louis told me that

5. Peter: "I'll bring a pasta salad"

Peter explained that

6. Sophia: "Mark's going to install solar panels"

Sophia remarked that

7. Katherin: "They found gold here"

Katherin said taht

8. Andrew: "Jenny can't speak French"

Andrew told me that

9. Mary: "I first met my wife in Seville"

Mary told me that

10. Kaithlyn: "My mother made these cakes"

Kaithlyn said that

11. Dainel: "I want your homework handed in by tomorrow"

Daniel told me that

12. Mary: "you phone your granny"

Mary said that

13. Paty: "They don't listen to a word he says,"

Paty told me that

14. Joseph : "I love you."

Joseph told Mary that

15. Mary You don't talk to strangers, Michael,"

Mary said that

03/02/09 · 0 comentarios · Autor: inglescomunicacional ·

Algún error encontrado en la Templati

Lineamientos para Talle Nº 1 Ingles Tecnico. sem 03

Ejercicios

Guia 5

Guia 4

Republica bolivariana venezuela ministerio del poder

Co-ordinating Conjunctions

Subordinating Conjunctions

Correlative Conjunctions

Cause and Effect

Expressing a relationship between cause and effect (result)

Cause & Effect: so-that

Emphasizing the quality or characteristic of something

Adverb phrases : so ... that and so that

Showing Cause-Effect vs. Purpose

Similar Meaning

Punctuation of "so that" and "so"

So and So!

1. Complete the following sentences using so, so that and because

Http s3 amazonaws com lcp inglescomunicacional myfiles sem 1

Sufijos

Suffix

General Meaning

Example

Ejercicios

Sobre Ingles II

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